Art 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Workmanship 2 - Essay Example Bill Violoa’s â€Å"The Greeting† was an endeavor to put Pontormo’s â€Å"The Visitation† on record. So as to breath life into an image through video, Violoa’s scene starts with two ladies that following a couple of moments are hindered by a third. In Violoa’s work, the main lady is moderately aged, the other more youthful, while the third lady is a companion of the more established lady. The third lady grasps the lady she knows, forgetting about the other lady. Be that as it may, after a snapshot of ungainliness, the three make casual conversation. The entirety of this is a deduction, since there is no stable by any means. Everything on the video must be interpretive through motions and articulations. Like with â€Å"The Visitation†, â€Å"The Greeting† can be deciphered as companions visiting. The artwork and video just have additionally meaning, if the watcher knows about the Biblical story of Mary and Elizabeth. Both Pontormo and Violoa utilize their minds to depict this occasion. Violoa utilized Pontormo’s thought in the first place, however then the video turns into his own. Still workmanship has confinements that the mechanism of video doesn't have. Violoa could utilize more motions and articulations to delineate his musings, while Pontormo just had the mode of oil a still depictation. Both Pontormo and Violoa’s craftsmanship are remarkable and individual, while of a similar subject. Urban foundation must be reasonable. Design must make urban foundations reasonable, regardless of whether New York City, Austin, or Tokyo. Each urban framework must have planners assemble open vehicles (transports, trams, streets, tracks), productive structures (green structures, vitality proficient), low effect advancement to secure water assets, leaves, vitality requested administrations. Urban foundation can demolish common assets expected to live, similar to trees, water, and untamed life. Contamination can be an issue. Great engineering can chop these issues down to sensible levels. Designers manufacture more than

Sontrary to popular belief, a natural emotion or feeling Essay

What is bitterness? Trouble is, in opposition to prevalent thinking, a characteristic feeling or feeling. Individuals feel pity at whatever point they lose something that they recently delighted in, for example, somebody they adored, or something as straightforward as a soft toy. This specific feeling is in reality bravo. It offers help from the agony of the misfortune and it gives you some proportion of the significance of what you’ve lost. In Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury endeavors to make a general public that lives without misery. He tries to give everybody satisfaction by disposing of contention and disparity. In any case, what the general public didn't perceive was the estimation of this melancholy feeling. Fellow Montag, the focal character in the book, has figured out how to adjust to that the general public he lives in is so inflexible and standard. Our Service Can Write a Custom Essay on Sadness for You! Anyway he in the end understands that the general public he lives in isn't appropriate for a cheerful life. While trying to harden joy, society got dehumanized through its surrender of human impulse, which amusingly made society become anesthetized. In the different endeavors to cancel gloom by the disposal of writing, all feelings in the public arena were devastated. Previously, the general public had the option to understand books, and consequently had no motivation to consume them. Thus houses were not flame resistant, and in this way Clarise insinuates the way that fire fighters used to extinguish fires, not start them. (8.) Thus demonstrating that at one point in this general public, books were acknowledged and afterward in the end were prohibited. While training doesn’t appear to be a terrible property, it made imbalance, which made individuals despondent. So as to clarify the abolishment of books, Beatty communicated to Montag, Technology, mass misuse, and minority pressure conveyed the stunt, say thanks to God. Today, on account of them, you can remain glad all the timeð•ð ¤ (58). As Beatty clarified, the administration used innovation, mass abuse, and minority strain to dispense with misery. One guide to vali date the announcement made by Beatty would be the utilization of the dog. The legislature utilized the dog so as to discover and annihilate books, which would, as indicated by their general public, make uniformity and harmony. They accepted that the disposal of books would take care of everyone’s issues, and as a proxy for books utilized controlled innovation. Since there were no scholarly individuals, there would not be contention over the clarifications of thoughts, or thoughts themselves. Notwithstanding, what he didn't represent was the way that without thought, there was no feeling, and along these lines no joy or pity. Joy and pity interaction off of one another, there can't be satisfaction without something to differentiate it to. In this manner, in the endeavor to fulfill everybody by wiping out writing, a definitive result was a general public that was basically all robots. These â€Å"robots† were unequipped for fathoming individual history, and thusly had no feeling of the sat back. The hypothesis behind annihilating a feeling of time was that in the event that nobody were to get a handle on schedule, at that point they would, in addition to other things, have no familiarity with maturing, and everybody would be glad. Be that as it may, startlingly in doing so individuals were troubled nor pitiful, only impassive. In the discussion among Montag and Mildred the morning after the difficulty with Mildred’s blood cleaning, Mildred can't recollect the occasions of the previous night and in this manner questions, â€Å"Last night-What about last night?† (19). Mildred had no memory of time or of past occasions and consequently nobody knows whether Mildred was miserable or just couldn’t recollect. The endeavor to kill bitterness didn't work, in light of the fact that since she couldn’t recall that anything in the past she co uldn’t recollect the awful things, yet she likewise couldn’t recall the glad occasions. The two along these lines killed themselves between the glad and the tragic causing Mildred to be aloof or even in some cases discouraged. It is amazingly difficult to carry on with a cheerful life when you can’t recollect any of the past blissful minutes in light of the dehumanization intrigued onto society. Sadly, this dehumanization made individuals significantly progressively discouraged, in light of the fact that it could cause them physical damage, additionally it could cause them passionate mischief since they will be unable to recall upbeat minutes. The incomparable outcome of the automation of society was that the sentiments about existence and passing turned out to be more depersonalized. To many, passing is an individual and enthusiastic occasion. Opposite, however, in Montag’s society, demise was completely depersonalized. Individuals once in a while were influenced by death, in any case, simply proceeded with their standard life since they accepted that demise was simply one more â€Å"thing† that occurred throughout everyday life. While depersonalizing passing, the plan was to dispense with the misery that accompanied it, and in this way fulfill everybody. While it eliminated the bitterness, it likewise dispensed with the joy that accompanied life. Individuals had no motivation to treasure life, since they accepted didn’t consider the chance of dieing, since it was such a minor piece of life. While examining the possibility of death, and looking further, it is basically a finish of life. Be that as it may, since the residents couldn't recollect life, the possibility of death was changed. In their psyches they lived for one minute, and hence when somebody passed on, nothing basically kicked the bucket since nothing basically lived. Mildred verbalizes the philosophy of society by communicating her emotions about the lady Montag slaughtered. â€Å"She’s nothing to me; she shouldn’t have had books. It was her duty, she should’ve thought of that.† (51). Mildred wasn’t at all worried that someone’s life was simply taken, she was worried that Montag was wiped out in light of her. This obviously represents the philosophy of society in that nobody thought about death, it wasn’t gla d nor was it an especially miserable time. So at long last, since nobody comprehended that passing was really an exceptionally disastrous occasion, nobody along these lines esteemed life and lived nonchalantly, troubled nor pitiful. In the long run Montag handles the way that his general public is amazingly degenerate because of the motorization and dehumanization. There are different causes, which lead to the destruction of a typical society, and lead to the general public common in F451, which depends on innovation and relinquishes human nature. Therefore, the residents have become non-undermining, non-intriguing people who can be effortlessly driven and controlled through dread. The goal was to kill pity yet the final product were people with positively no feelings.

A Quick Guide to Theory of Constraints

A Quick Guide to Theory of Constraints © Shutterstock.com | igorstevanovicThe number one duty of a manager is to ensure that processes take place efficiently and smoothly. This involves decision making and the implementation of the decisions and it is the difference between good managers and okay managers.Every manager has his way of doing things. Although the goal of all these methods is to ensure smooth operation, some have higher chances of success than others.Management is a very broad discipline. This partly explains why managers â€" even within the same industry â€" have different approaches towards the achievement of goals, whether organizational or personal. It can easily get confusing, especially when concepts start overlapping each other.However, there are several management concepts and paradigms that persist to this day, no matter how many other, newer, concepts are introduced. Right off the top of your head, you can probably name more than a few of them. Six Sigma. MRP or Manufacturing Resource Planning. JIT or Just-in-Time Manufacturing. TOC or Theory of Constraints.In this article, we will be focusing on the last one mentioned, the Theory of Constraints and what it can do to your business.THE CORE CONCEPTS OF THEORY OF CONSTRAINTSThe TOC Institute provides what seems to be the most straightforward definition for the Theory of Constraints (TOC). The theory involves identification of constraints, and simply managing them in order to continuously improve the effectiveness and efficiency of a system.When Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt first introduced the TOC concept in his bestselling book “The Goal” in 1984, it was seen as an organizational and management paradigm that would help you as a manager to make decisions about “changes”, and how these changes can provide solutions to various business problems or issues that arose in the course of business operations. Goldratt’s presentation of the concepts was written in such a way that it was told like a story, which added a practical and reality-based touch, allowing readers to connect with the topic and understand it better and easier.TOC, which is sometimes referred to as “constraints management”, has one ultimate goal, and that is profit improvement. The final goal is clear-cut enough. The confusion comes when you try to achieve this goal through the application of TOC.Essentially, the TOC holds that every organization has at least one constraint that stands on the path, blocking it from reaching its final goal of improved profitability. By definition, a “constraint” is any limiting factor that restricts one from achieving a goal. In the context of business and management, a constraint is any element or factor that serves as a bottleneck that limits the organization from improving profits.Therefore, it is the TOC’s view that every process, system, or organization has a constraint that must be identified and managed in order to clear up the path towards improved profitability. It works under the premise that even a single bottleneck will have a negative effect on performance and subsequently the results of operations.Therefore, the theory then provides a suite of tools and techniques that help in managing these constraints to improve performance. This is done until the constraints cease to become limiting factors, and the company can go on its way towards reaping higher profits.The TOC has a holistic view, looking at the big picture, rather than the small details. Instead of managing separate resources, assets, or procedures to optimize their productivity, the TOC focuses on the interconnections and links among these separate components, specifically on the barriers that impede them from working as a single unit. The result is an entire system that flows and operates smoothly, free of any bottleneck. THE BENEFITS OF TOCTo find out if the theory of constraints is worth implementing, we have to first verify that the implementation has benefits to the companies.This is a no-brainer, really, but it has to be said: businesses and profit-oriented organizations have one ultimate goal, and that is â€" obviously â€" to earn more profits. Despite how overwhelming it might look on the managers, even investors expect their investments to bring in more profit every period. Making more money and earning a higher profit involves several components and the TOC postulates that its implementation is one method towards higher profit margins.Through successful implementation of the TOC, an organization may reap the following benefits:Reduced inventories. Improvement of processes by managing and eliminating bottlenecks will reduce cycle times in the production process, which means there will be lower inventory of materials, in process, and finished goods. It will also reduce lead times in the supply chain, as well as the distribution chain.Reduced operating costs and expenses. There are many ways that management of constraints can reduce costs of operations. For example, reduced cycle times mean lower overhead costs. Reduced inventories, on the other hand, mean lower warehousing and storage costs. Stock-outs across the supply chain will also be eliminated, and this will translate to more cost savings for the company.Increased throughput. A business will enjoy increased productivity of a business process, procedure, machine or system through the application of the TOC. If cycle times are reduced, the company can actually take this as an opportunity to increase the production process throughput. Elimination of a constraint is likely to reveal idle resources and free up additional production capacity, which is definitely to the advantage of the company. It is essentially handed an opportunity to produce more, without having to make any additional investment.Improved workplace synergy. Often, employees have conflicts that are work-related. Application of the TOC will help in minimizing these conflicts and sometimes even eliminating them fully. The result is mo re time spent on actual productive duties.Improved operational control. Most of the time, the reason that managers lose control of operations is the lack of a fixed guide that will point them in the right direction. The TOC provides this guidance, so that managers can focus on what needs to be prioritized.Improved business reputation and branding. The company’s branding will also benefit. Improved processes can mean that products and services will be delivered to customers on time, in full, and with no defects, thereby improving the company’s relationship with the customers. This will eventually trickle to its relationship with the other key players in the market, improving the company’s standing in the industry. Better reputation will lead to more sales revenues and, ultimately, higher profits.THE TOC TOOLSAs mentioned earlier, the TOC offers a set of tools that managers and other change agents may employ in constraints management. We will take a look at three of these tools, and how they are applied.The sets of tools include:The Five Focusing StepsThe Thinking ProcessesThroughput AccountingI. The Five Focusing Steps of TOCIn order to manage constraints (and drive and improve systems performance), a manager must have an inquisitive mind, asking questions and actively seeking their answers. If your company is focused on its goal of earning higher profits, it also has to be focused on the impediments in order to get them out of the way.Goldratt identified five focusing steps that must be followed for the identification and elimination of constraints. (Take note that there may be more than one constraint. However, for purposes of simplifying this discussion, we will be using a scenario with only one constraint.)Step 1. Identify the systems constraint.This goes without saying because you really can’t fix a problem you don’t know exists.You will be looking for the “weakest link” in the system. Which part of the production process yields the highest a mount of bottlenecks? Where are you experiencing the largest number of unnecessary delays? Which unit or branch are you experiencing resource hemorrhage?A constraint can either be a physical constraint, or a matter of policy. The most common types of physical constraints may include:Capacity constraint. This exists when your company’s operations expose a lack of capacity to satisfy demand for its products and services in the market. If this constraint is present, the priority is to eliminate it so that more capacity will be freed up to offer more earning power.Market constraint. There is a market constraint if the company has more than enough capacity (to the point that it has idle time and resources), but there is not enough demand in the market to translate into sales and, eventually, profit.Material constraint. Your company’s operations will definitely encounter problems if it experiences trouble obtaining the materials and supplies needed to make and sell products to meet ma rket demand.Cash constraint. Difficulties in cash flow are also considered a constraint, since they could mean an inability on the part of your company to meet its working capital requirements and continue making and selling its products and services.As an example, let us consider a bottleneck in capacity arising from machine inefficiencies, such as when a specific machine requires a downtime period for maintenance and recovery. This will result in a stall in the production process, slowing it down. It is also likely to result in the overstock of supplies and raw materials that are input into the production process. Employees in processes that require input from the faulty machine will be left idle. In short, operations (and its corresponding costs) will still continue even with the stall in production. This is referred to as bottleneck operations.Physical constraints are relatively easy to identify. Policy constraints, on the other hand, are not as obvious, and sometimes pose more challenges for change agents. This is because the cause of impediment to performance lies in a rule, behavior or policy within the organization.For example, a company may follow a policy on batch production, opting to make products in large batches in order to keep production overhead costs low. However, this also means high costs in storing of work-in-process inventories and warehousing of finished goods. Customer satisfaction can also be affected if the distribution process causes delays in delivery of finished products.The most obvious way to identify constraints is through the use of existing information regarding the current state of operations in your business. By taking a look and reviewing the current flow of processes within your organization, (e.g. determining activities that incur the highest costs, aspects of customer service that gets the most negative feedback) you can immediately spot the constraint that must be dealt with swiftly and accordingly.Here is very cool vid eo on compraing different systems using the theory of contraints. Step 2. Decide how to exploit this constraint.Making use of the resources that are currently available, apply quick improvements to the throughput of the constraint. By ‘quick improvements’, we mean actions that can be performed as fast as possible, without spending or investing too much the changes and upgrades. Usually, the corrective actions are free, since they involve the use of resources that are already available to the company.What can you as the change agent do to quickly address the issue? What capabilities can you acquire or obtain from the constraining component?In the example, one way to exploit the constraint will be to reduce the downtime of the bottleneck operation, perhaps by coming up with a machine maintenance and setup schedule that will cut the downtimes into shorter intervals. Another exploit action would be to assign mechanics and other appropriate personnel to keep close tabs on the machine ’s preventative maintenance.Step 3. Subordinate everything else to exploit this constraint.There is a need to ensure that all the other activities, steps and elements that are not constraints remain in alignment with the decisions made in Steps 1 and 2 with respect to the identified constraint.This will require that you take a look at all the other activities and steps for a thorough review. You have identified the constraint, and you already have a plan on how to exploit them to increase and maximize profit. Now you have to make sure that the plan is actually put into motion, with everything else falling in line.Let’s take a look at an example. A machine specialist is assigned on the major machine where capacity constraint is identified is a non-constraint. In the process of ensuring that the machine does not cause stalls in production, the specialist may be tasked to focus solely on that machine. However, this has a potential of leading to an inefficient use of the non-constra int, which is the skill and capabilities of the machine specialist.Subordinating the non-constraint may entail tasking the machine specialist to also focus his efforts on the other machines in the production process. This will, after all, translate to the benefit of the entire process, and your company, since it will ensure that all the other machines are well-maintained, while keeping the costs of operation at the same level. You see, you’ll still be paying the same salary or wage to the machine specialist whether he spent his work hours on that one machine alone, or if he also performed preventative maintenance on the other equipment and machinery.If, in this step, the constraint has been eliminated, you may proceed directly to Step 5.Step 4. Elevate the system’s constraint.If, at this point, the constraint still remains and has not budged despite the quick improvements you applied, it is time to take another look at the other possible actions that you can do in order to elimi nate the constraint.In actual practice, to “elevate” usually means that it will cost a lot more money than when you are simply “exploiting”. In the example, if the current mechanic or machine operator is unable to fix things, you may have to seek services of a specialist. Or simply purchase a new machine to replace it.It is not a surprise if this step will last for quite a while, since it may involve the performance of several actions until such time that the constraint has been “broken”.Step 5. If, in any of the previous 4 steps, the constraint has been “broken”, repeat Step 1 on the next constraint.A “broken” constraint means the problem has been resolved. Is that the end? Of course not. There is still the next constraint to deal with and, for that, you have to go back to Step 1 and do the whole thing all over again. What used to be the weakest link will be strengthened, but that also means that another link has earned that spot.But wait! You have to take cauti on in the last step. See to it that inertia does not become the next constraint. Application of the Five Focusing Steps is a cycle. It is, after all, geared for continuous improvement. As long as there are constraints, the steps have to be performed in a cyclical manner, eliminating one constraint at a time.The downfall of most businesses is due to their loss of focus. Just because they succeeded in doing away with one constraint, they think they can afford to be complacent about it. Well, you should not. Business landscapes are volatile, changing every second, which means constraints are bound to arise even when you least expect it. In fact, constraints will mostly come up when you least expect them.II. The Thinking ProcessesThe Thinking Processes are put in place to provide tools specifically designed for analysis of problems and coming up with their solutions. They are usually applied more than the Five Focusing Steps when dealing with policy constraints which, as we’ve already established earlier, are much harder to identify and manage.As tools, the Thinking Processes are designed to be scientific in their approach, identifying the root causes and their negative effects, and removing these effects by coming up with solutions to effect changes. They are the preferred tools in rooting out policy constraints. This is why you will likely see them applied in win-win conflict situations or when communication problems exist within the organizational structure. The Thinking Processes are also seen to be effective in delegation of duties and responsibilities, empowering employees and fostering teamwork within the organization.Basically, the TOC, through the Thinking Processes, aids managers in addressing these questions, with respect to decision-making with respect to continuous improvement of systems and processes:What needs to be changed?What should it be changed to?How should we cause the change?When Goldratt formulated the Thinking Processes, he also introduc ed the Categories of Legitimate Reservation (CLR), a set of logic rules to guide change agents in making decisions for continuous improvement.There are several tools that make up the Thinking Processes, often referred to as the “four trees and a cloud”. We will look at each of these components briefly.Current Reality Tree (CRT)This is the first tool to make use of the cause-and-effect logic. In fact, it is seen as the most probable and realistic cause-and-effect chain, since it is designed to depict the current actual state of a given system.The objective of the CRT is to identify the various issues that are currently being faced, and understand how they are interrelated. This understanding is what will enable you as a change agent to come up with a probable solution for the problem. In the process, a top-down approach is utilized.Undesirable effects are identified.The probable causes of those undesirable effects are postulated.The postulated causes are tested by running them th rough the CLR.Evaporating Cloud (EC)The EC goes by several other names, including “conflict cloud”, “conflict resolution diagram”, and “dilemma cloud”.The focus of this tool is the second question: “What should it be changed to?”In order to answer this question, as the change agent you must go beneath the surface and seek out underlying assumptions, which will subsequently be tested through the CLR. The testing could invalidate or replace, these underlying assumptions. If this happens, the conflict is “evaporated”, hence the name.Among the identified Thinking Processes tools, the EC is considered to be the most multi-purpose one, best used in coming up with win-win solutions, without having to make compromises. It is also very useful in situations that require making tough business decisions and negotiations.The EC is not only proven to resolve conflicts while avoiding compromises; it is also a great tool in creating breakthrough solutions that allow both sides o f a conflict to win.Future Reality Tree (FRT)Yet another tool that makes use of the cause-and-effect structure, the FRT takes a look at how the changes that are being contemplated or proposed are likely to affect reality if they are actually implemented. Usually, what you will look at is whether the proposed changes can give rise to favorable outcomes. The goal of FRT is to turn the undesirable effects into desirable ones, by using cures or “injections” on the identified causes of those undesirable effects.At first glance, you’d probably say that the FRT is similar to the CRT. You won’t be wrong, because they do have similarities. However, the FRT takes it a step further with the inclusion of the proposed solutions.The FRT finds excellent use, among other things, as an initial planning tool, since it allows effective testing of new ideas prior to committing resources to implementation.Transition TreeThis is the third of the three tools that derive support from the cause-and- effect logic. This time, it is concerned with the third question, which is on the “How” of things. How can you make the change happen?This tool derives its name from an action plan, which is also called a transition tree. Its objective is to allow change agents to implement change. In order to do that, they must determine the specific actions that are necessary to implement the solution, and this requires delving into the details of the action plan. The other tools take a broader tack in their approaches; the Transition Tree goes into the small details that make up the whole, making it an ideal “operational tool”.Successful application of the Transition Tree is possible if all the four elements, as identified by Dettmer, are present.A current, actual condition, or a condition of existing realityAn unfulfilled needA specific action that must be taken to fulfill that needThe expected effect, result or outcome from the application of the identified action to fulfill the need th at exists in realityAs mentioned earlier, Transition Tree is most effective for change implementation, and this is largely because of how it provides a step-by-step guide for implementation of actions that will bring about the changes. It also allows you to move things along the change process without deviating from the original goal or objective.Prerequisite Tree (PRT)Just because you thought of an idea does not mean that it has actually become a solution. It is a mere idea of one, and the only time it becomes an actual solution is when it is fully implemented, and the desired favorable outcome is obtained.PRT works by identifying the obstacles that prevent the achievement of desired outcomes and subsequently identify the remedies that can do away with these obstacles. It is also useful in coming up with action plans, with the actions mapped out in a sequence of responses, all aimed at achieving the desired results.III. Throughput AccountingGoldratt was cognizant of how TOC is not supported by traditional accounting systems, and this is what spurred him to provide for an accounting method for measuring performance and providing information that will guide management decisions, in accordance with the principles of TOC, and it is called Throughput Accounting.Traditional accounting practices and methods, when applied in consonance with TOC, will undoubtedly result to distortions that will be in contradiction with the goal of organizations on why they are applying the TOC in the first place. Even the slightest distortion can be very harmful, since it will have an effect on decision-making processes of managers with regards to operations.As an alternative accounting method, Throughput Accounting (TA) eliminates these distortions and supports the increase of profits through the TOC. It is decidedly more simple, and geared towards management accounting than straightforward financial accounting.Many have mistaken TA to be the same as variable cost accounting. That is not true. They are two different beans, although they may have come from the same pod. To be more precise, it is safe to say that TA is an offshoot of variable cost accounting.The main principle of TA involves the treatment of Direct Materials Costs as the only variable costs. All other costs are assumed to be fixed.According to TA, there are only three ways to boost the profits of a company.Increasing Throughput“Throughput”, in this context, refers to the money coming into the company, generated through its revenue or profit-generation activities. In short, it is the total sales, decreased by the Truly Variable Costs.As the level of sales increases, so will the variable costs, but only up to the extent of the cost of making and selling additional units. The other costs remain fixed, which means that the company will definitely register an increase in profits.Reducing InvestmentBy TOC definition, “investment” refers to the money currently tied up in the system. Certain sour ces make use of the old term, which is “inventory” instead of “investment”, but the principle still applies.Essentially, a business invests when it makes or sells a product or service. This could be in the form of acquisition, maintenance and usage of equipment, machinery, facilities, and various inventories. In short, it costs money to make money.By minimizing investments â€" without compromising the quality of products and services â€" the company can definitely maximize throughput and, ultimately increase its profits.Reducing Operating ExpensesThis follows the same line of reasoning as the reduction of investment. “Operating expenses” are all the money spent turning investment and inventory into throughput, which will then be sold to generate revenue. It can refer to direct labor, supplies, and utilities. Even depreciation of assets will fall under this category.With all things being constant, specifically the sales and the fixed costs, a reduction in the incurrence o f operating expense will increase profit.It is to be noted that, in order for TOC to guarantee profit increase, all three measures have an interdependent relationship with each other. For example, a reduction in operating expense will mean a corresponding reduction in the amount of investment. Similarly, if throughput is increased by making and selling more units, the amount of inventory remaining in the company will decrease.If we take a look at the nitty-gritty of the measurement processes in Throughput Accounting, there are four derived measures to take note of.Net ProfitThe net profit is the income remaining to the company after all operating expenses have been deducted from the revenues generated through the sale of products and services. The formula is:Net Profit  =  Throughput â€" Operating ExpensesIn other instances, the formula can be translated to total Sales, decreased by total Variable Costs and Operating Expenses.Return on Investment (ROI)This refers to the gains obta ined from the investment, in comparison with the total cost of investment. Essentially, it is a comparison of how much profit the company earned with respect to the total amount of capital investment. The formula is:ROI  =  Net Profit / InvestmentProductivityTA defines “productivity” as the average measure of the efficiency of production, comparing the production output to the input placed at the beginning of the production process. In this case, input refers to the operating expenses, while the output refers to the throughput. The formula is:Productivity  =  Throughput / Operating ExpensesInvestment TurnoverAlso referred to as “investment turns”, this is the ratio of the value of the throughput (sales or revenues) in relation to the value of the investment, or capital invested. The formula is:Investment Turnover  =  Throughput / InvestmentIn order to successfully ensure the achievement of the goal of TOC, which is increased profitability, it is important to maximize t hroughput while keeping investment and operating expenses at a minimum. Take note that the priority among the three is the throughput. That is because the TOC puts more emphasis on maximizing Throughput (by increasing Sales) more than cutting down on investment and other operating costs and expenses.To this day, the Theory of Constraints remains to be a highly pervasive discipline, also giving rise to other management concepts that are widely used and applied across industries, not just in manufacturing. Therefore, do not be surprised when you come across TOC concepts when you are on a foray to other management concepts, especially lean production or lean manufacturing.

Showing Addition in Written English

You can show addition in written English in a number of equivalent forms. This includes the use of, subordinating conjunctions, coordinating conjunctions, introductory words such as in addition, moreover, etc.  which are known as conjunctive adverbs. Once you have mastered the basics of   showing addition, continue on to to learn other forms of connecting sentences in written English. correct usage in written English, you will want to express yourself in increasingly complex ways. Sentence connectors are used to express relationships between ideas and to combine sentences. The use of these connectors will add sophistication to your writing style. Type of Connector Connectors Examples Coordinating Conjunction and High level positions are stressful at times, and they can be harmful to your health. In any case, there is a price to pay for success.Peter decided to quite his job, and his friend agreed that it was an excellent decision. Conjunctive adverbs in addition, additionally, furthermore, moreover, also High level positions are stressful at times. Furthermore, they can be harmful to your health. Make sure you understand the risks before you accept the job. Weve completely redone our living room with hardwood floors. In addition, weve put in new windows to bring in more light.Hes an excellent tennis player. Also, he plays golf like a professional.We need to hire some programmers. Additionally, well need to find someone to help out at the reception desk. Correlative conjunctions not only...but also Not only are high level positions stressful at times, but they also can be harmful to your health.Peter decided to not only go back to university, but he also sold his car and house. Prepositional phrases in addition to, along with, as well as Along with being stressful, high level positions can also be harmful to your health.In addition to the need for investment, our company needs to do more research into the latest science.Youll find English grammar as well as pronunciation and listening skills can be challenging at times. Continue Learning About Sentence Connectors You can improve your writing skills by learning to use sentence connectors for a wide variety of purposes. Here are some of the most common uses of sentence connectors in English. Showing opposition to an idea, or indicate surprise when something doesnt go as planned: Peter flew to Miami for the sales and marketing convention, but was surprised to learn that it had been cancelled the day before.Although they decided to fly to London for vacation, they had originally wanted to tour China and Thailand.    Showing causes and effects can also be expressed with connecting language such as  because  or  as a result. The CEO called an emergency meeting because the companys stock price was dropping quickly.Susan spent fifteen years training to join the Olympic team. As a result, it was no surprise when she was chosen for the team in 2008.   Sometimes its important to contrast information to make sure you show both sides of the argument. On the one hand, we need to hire new employees to keep up with demand for our products. On the other hand, human resources report that there are not enough qualified candidates.Unlike his father, the young man felt it wasnt necessary to compete with his peers for attention.   Use subordinating conjunctions such as if or unless to express conditions that are required for success. Unless she arrives soon, we will have to postpone the meeting until next month.The manager decided to ask everyone to work overtime. Otherwise, the company would have to hire ten new employees. Comparing ideas, objects and people is another use for these connectors: Just as I think its a good idea to study at university, I respect those who choose to create their own companies.  Youll find there is plenty of food and drink in the kitchen. Similarly, towels, sheets and other linen can be found in the apartment.

A Reflection On Government And Its Role On Markets And The...

RUNNING HEAD: Reflection #1 A Reflection on Government and Its Role on Markets and the Economy Chris Surfus Western Michigan University School of Public Affairs and Administration PADM-6650 Public Policy: Theory and Research Professor Dr. Udaya Waglà © January 27, 2015 A Reflection on Government and Its Role on Markets and the Economy The authors of the literature discuss the roles of the government and the market, and that is what this reflection will entail. Furthermore, it will entail the changing public policy landscape in regards to the free market and individual stakeholders. The authors detail the different economic theories, including Keynesian and Marxian, and how these theories relate to the overall political economy. Several themes that are expressed include capitalism and socialism, demand, regulation, productivity, property rights, and monopolies, among others. The central theme is the emergence of a â€Å"new political economy,† which is a hybrid of a political economy and economics (Gamble, 1995, p. 518; Caporaso Levine, 1992). The new political economy consists of policy and decision-making. According to Andrew Gamble (1995), During the nineteenth century political economy became an enquiry into the iron economic laws which governed human societies independent of human will, but it never lo st its prescriptive, policy-oriented character. It was a political economy because it was about improvingShow MoreRelatedA Reflection On Policy, And Market Interactions With Democracy1028 Words   |  5 PagesRUNNING HEAD: Reflection #2 A Reflection on Policy Stakeholders, Measurement of Policy Efficacy, and Market Interactions with Democracy Chris Surfus Western Michigan University School of Public Affairs and Administration PADM-6650 Public Policy: Theory and Research Professor Dr. Udaya Waglà ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ February 3, 2015 A Reflection on Policy Stakeholders, Measurement of Policy Efficacy, and Market Interactions with Democracy The authors define the roles and relationshipsRead MoreWeek 3, Learning Team - Aggregate Demand and Supply Models - Economic Critique1634 Words   |  7 PagesSupply Models An Economic Critique of Aggregate Demand and Supply Models The recent fall of the United States economy has created a society of fear, insecurity, and doubtful investors, retirees, and consumers world-wide. 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Among variousRead MoreEconomic Factors That Influence Our Quality Of Life1379 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluence our quality of life in Australia An economy refers to the way in which a society is systematized to solve the economic problem of the insufficiency of resources relative to the society s needs and wants involving the countries production, distribution and exchange. There are many factors or the economy that influence the standard of living in Australia. The Main Factors are Australias Economic System, The key resources of the Australian economy, and the key economic indicators including confidenceRead MoreMonetary Policy Essay1688 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States Abstract The role of government in the American economy goes past just being a regulator for specific industries. There are two main tools for achieving these objectives: fiscal policy and monetary policy. The Federal Reserve sets the nations monetary policy to promote the objectives of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates. Monetary Policy in the United States Monetary policy is the government or central bank process of managing

Devised self-Evaluation Free Essays

Our first unit of work in the IGCSE was Devised theatre. Our theme was â€Å"The unexpected† and we chose this title because there is an always unexpected things that happens in our life. Our play is about a person who once had a family, job, and life, but after he got fired he loses everything. We will write a custom essay sample on Devised self-Evaluation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then later on in the story a devil and an angel appears giving him idea of earning money. At last the person choses the Devils way instead of the angel’s way of earning money. The devils way of earning money is to wear his old uniform and pretend to be the manager of the supermarket. Then steal the money and walk away. The plan does not go as expectation. All things went wrong. At last nobody wants to help him, even the angel and devil did not want to help him. He even got someone in jail. Our group used the theme to create a 10 minute play exploring on unexpected events. We went about process by firstly planning the events that is going to happen in our play and then think of things that could go wrong in the story. We first started with the idea of a person who is desperate in need of money. Then we changed it gradually bit by bit, until we are satisfied. Input was shared equally by all members of the group by sharing different ideas and contributing to the group. Each member had contributed something to the group. Some people contributed props, equipment, ideas, and etc. Before the start of the performance I felt really nervous and i also excited about that I was going to perform in front of many parents and peers. It was also the first time I had to perform in the public. I try to overcome these emotions by telling myself not to panic and by staying in role during the performance. In my performance, I portrayed myself as an old granny and a little boy. I tried to communicate this character through the use of my tone, clarity, enunciation, volume, gesture †¦ I thought I was able to effectively use my tone, body gesture, and facial expression to create a sense of humor during the performance. For example, I had a hunched back gesture and a cranky voice, when I was being the grandmother. I stayed in role during the performance. I think I need to improve on having more eye contact toward the audience. I admired Andy’s group mainly of their use of comedy and humor. Their exploration of how they used their vocals, and how they used their body gesture was really outstanding during the performance. In conclusion, I think as a group we work quite well and I think our performance was quite successful, but I think there are some improvements to be done. The targets for our devised theatre are that we have to be more confident on contributing ideas to each other. Finally, the target for my performance skills is that i should more eye contact toward the audience. How to cite Devised self-Evaluation, Papers

Women in Islam free essay sample

The Gendered Misinterpretation of the Qur’an In the Islamic Culture in Afghanistan In the Islamic culture, gender roles for men and women vary greatly and have been clearly defined by the sacred Islamic text, the Qur’an. The principally accepted interpretation of the Qur’an does not encourage abuse or oppression of women, however in practice, many women are suffering and being persecuted under religious laws and Islamic governments. This is occurring in several parts of the world but the focus will be placed specifically on the Islamic nation of Afghanistan where women’s rights are all but non-existent. As a result, women living in these nations experience many varying forms of inequality throughout their lifetimes. Cultural practices in conjunction with misinterpretations of the Qur’an, have lead to unfair treatment of women from childhood to marriage and through motherhood. The cultural inequalities between females and males in the Islamic culture begins from birth. Stated in the Qur’an, disappointment and shame is brought to new parents upon learning that their baby is a girl. When news is brought to one of them, of (the birth of) a female (child), his face darkens, and he is filled with inward grief! With shame does he hide himself from his people, because of the bad news he has had! Shall he retain it on (sufferance and) contempt, or Trgachef 2 bury it in the dust? Ah! what an evil (choice) they decide on? (Qur’an 16:57-58) While this religious teaching typically encourages couples to prefer to bear male children, it does not encourage the abuse or murder of female infants. Female infanticide is a common problem in Afghanistan, and although the Qur’an does not discuss it, cultural views have led to female babies being considered invaluable, or even a burden. The cultural oppression of girls who survive to childhood affects their education as many parents do not find it necessary to send their female children to school. Approximately, 40% of Afghan girls attend elementary school, one in twenty girls attend school beyond the sixth grade (Trust in Education, par. 1). To that end, there are approximately three times more boys attending school in comparison to girls in Afghanistan (Trust in Education, par. ). Many all-girls schools in Afghanistan have been demolished, teachers who educate female students have been threatened and murdered, and female students have been physically harmed for attending school (Trust in Education, par. 1). The Taliban regime, an Islamic fundamentalist political movement that governed Afghanistan from 1996 2001 based upon radical interpretations of Islamic teachings, banned women from studying at schools, universities or any educational institution, believing instead that women should remain submissive, uneducated, and in their homes (Abrams 14). Given that a female is of little value, or even seen as a disgrace, to Islamic families in Afghanistan, many parents prefer to marry their daughters off without any consideration for her wishes. While the Qur’an does not encourage this, in practice, over 50% of Afghani girls are forced by their parents into marriage (Trust in Education, par. 1). Afghanistan’s rate of married girls aged 15 to 19 is 54% (The Situation of Girls Young Women 6), and most of these Trgachef 3 girls marry men that are more than twice their age (Trust in Education, par. 1). Moreover, these young brides usually they meet their spouses-to-be for the first time at their wedding ceremony (Trust in Education, par. 1). Forced marriages occur not only because of the desire to free parents of the ‘burden’ of their daughter, but also to abate the high risk of kidnapping and rape, which would render the family dishonoured. Alternately, for families in poverty, it is preferable to give their daughters away because of the cost to feed and look after them. Older and wealthy husbands will pay a large bride-price for a young girl, thereby providing a poor family with some short-term income. Regardless of the situations surrounding a young woman’s marriage, most times she does not have a say in when or to whom she will be married. Just as a female does not have a say in her own marriage arrangements, women lost the right to decide whether or not to wear the traditional Ismalic burqa when the Taliban gained power in 1996. During the period of time reigned by this political regime, women were treated horribly: they were beaten and stoned to death for not dressing according to Islamic political laws. For example, a young woman might be stoned for not having worn the mesh covering in front of her eyes that is a typical part of the burqa veil (The Oppression of Women in Afghanistan par. 1). As has been demonstrated, young girls of the Islamic culture face a challenging life right from the beginning as they are judged from birth to be inadequate: They severely lack education, are forced into unfair marriages, and have wardrobe restrictions placed on them in their daily lives. Inequalities are present throughout the role of being an Islamic wife in Afghanistan. A Muslim wife must be submissive towards the needs of her husband and serve the husband and his family as a whole. Essentially, the wife is expected to recognize her husband’s authority over hers. A wife should stay home, as they are not allowed to work, or even go out in public without Trgachef 4 a male relative. Afghan women are frequent victims of abuse. Incidents of violence against women remain largely under-reported because of cultural restraints, social norms and religious beliefs. (Oppression of Women in Afghanistan par. 1). Approximately 92% of women in Afghanistan get abused for refusing to do the following: going out without telling the spouse, neglecting the children, arguing with the husband, refusing sex, and burning the meal (Trust in Education, par. 1). The role of women as Muslim mothers has various contradicting elements. According to the Qur’an, a mother’s role is valued and dignified, as demonstrated by various verses in the sacred text: â€Å"And revere the wombs that bore you for God is ever watchful over you† (Qur’an 4:1). And even more notably, â€Å"Your heaven lies under the feet of your Mother† (Ahmad 1). In consideration of the many years of unequal treatment of women prior to motherhood, women finally gain a respected role in their religion. The emphasis on the mother in the Qur’an is viewed as being just as important as the father, as the mother is the one who carries, nurtures and grows the child in her womb. However, in cultural practice, mothers do not receive the respect or praise as outlined by the Qur’an; instead, versus from the text are misinterpreted to allow abuse to continue silently at home and in public. An Islamic mother was hit by a car driven by a Taliban officer. The government response to this was: We keep telling you that women don’t have the right to go outside their houses if she was a man we would investigate the case. It is a good lesson to the other women not to go outside of their houses. Women in their houses or in the grave. (The role of Women in Two Islamic Fundamentalist Countries 197) Trgachef 5 The abuse of mothers in Muslim communities is clear evidence for the fact that motherhood does not bestow complete protection upon these Islamic women although the Qur’an states otherwise. Furthermore, the issue was recognized by Hollywood in 1991, when the film Not Without My Daughter was produced, a movie following one Muslim woman as she tries to escape with her daughter back to America from her Muslim husband. Female gender roles of the Islamic culture are seen as unequal in comparison to males. Although the Islamic holy book, the Qur’an does not encourage oppression and unequal treatment of women, in practice, the sacred text has been misinterpreted in several situations. As birth of a female child often brings shame and disgrace upon a family. The right for females to attend educational institutions is greatly oppressed, as females are given specific gender roles based on cultural norms. Normalities for females include staying at home to take care of their families, rather than attending school. Females are forced off into arranged marriages, usually at a young age, and often times they do not have a say in whom they will marry. As an Islamic wife, women are expected to please their husbands and do as they say, or they might experience consequences. Mothers however, stated in the Qur’an, are to be treated respectfully, and valued greatly. Although, some mothers are not treated accordingly due to cultural practices. Though the Qur’an signifies specific expectations for males and females, it does not say to completely disrespect and abuse females. Sociocultural normalities have often led the Islamic culture to misinterpret the roles and rights of women as stated in the Qur’an. This misinterpretation of the Qur’an has led to diminishing rights of females, including abuse, lack of freedom and overall maltreatment. Trgachef 6 Works Cited Abrams, Dennis. â€Å"Hamid Karzai. † Infobase Publishing. 1st ed. 2007. Print. Afghan Women | Faze Magazine. Afghan Women | Faze Magazine. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 May 2013. A National Report on Domestic Abuse in Afghanistan :: Section15. ca. A National Report on Domestic Abuse in Afghanistan :: Section15. ca. N. p. , 04 July 2008. Web. 13 May 2013. BBC News. BBC, n. d. Web. 13 May 2013. Dawood, N. J. The Koran. London, England: Penguin, 1990. Print. Desphande,P. Role of Women in Two Islamic Fundamentalist Countries: Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia† Women’s Rts. L. Rep. 192 (2000-2001). IslamBasics. IslamBasics. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 May 2013. Islamic Women and Religious Oppression. Islamic Women and Religious Oppression. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 May 2013. Islam’s Respect for the Mother. Raising Children. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 May 2013. Kabul, Associated Press in. Afghan Women Still Suffer Abuse despite Law to Protect Them, Says UN Repor t. The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 12 Nov. 012. Web. 13 May 2013. Life as an Afghan Woman. Trust in Education RSS. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 May 2013. OnIslam. net. Muslim Womans Role as a Mother. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 May 2013. The Quran and the Rights of Women. The Quran and the Rights of Women. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 May 2013. United Nations. World YOUTH Report: The situation of girls and young women. New York, 2003. Print. Women in Afghanistan: A Human Rights Tragedy a Decade after September 11.  « RAWA News. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 May 2013.

Investigating the Relationship Between the Amount of Money a Football Club Receives and its Success Essay Example

Investigating the Relationship Between the Amount of Money a Football Club Receives and its Success Essay Investigating the Relationship Between the Amount of Money a Football Club Receives and its SuccessIn this investigation, I will look at a set of statistics for English football clubs for the 1998 1999 season. Using these, I will look at how the amount of money a football club receives affects its success.Measuring successIt is difficult to measure success, as there is no numerical way to quantify it. In my investigation, I will look at success in terms of achievements on the pitch as opposed to the success of the club as a business. I will measure success by looking at the relationship between money and three factors. These are:* League Position This is a measure of the clubs success as the better the team performs, the higher the league position.* Goal Difference This is calculated by total goals scored minus total goals conceded. This is a measure of the teams success as the better the team performs, the greater the goals scored and the less the goals conceded, thus the greater the goal difference.* Stadium Capacity This can be considered as measure of success. It can be argued that the more successful a team is, the better supported it will be and thus the greater the stadium capacity in order to accommodate more fans. It is important to note that this factor is not as significant a measure of success that the other 2 factors as there could well be exceptions to the above argument. E.g. a successful and well-supported team could play in a very small stadium if the stadium was in a built up area where there was no space to enlarge it.I will investigate the following statement:The more money a football club receives the more successful it is on the pitchWith the above factors in mind, the statement can be split up into 3 sub-statements:* The more money a football club receives the higher its league position.* The more money a football club receives the greater its goal difference.* The more money a football club receives the greater its stadium capacity.I expect to find the more money a football club receives the more successful it is. This is because clubs with more money are able to pay higher transfer fees for better players and are able to employ better coaches.The data I am using for this project provides a considerable amount of information about each club. Not all of this information is relevant to my investigation. The information about each club that I require is:Name of clubLeague positionGoal differenceStadium capacityMoney received from football trustThe information will come from statistics provided in Rothmans yearbook. This is a reliable source of information as it is a reputable publication.The data concerns itself with all clubs in the English football league. These total 92. It is impractical to investigate data for 92 teams; therefore I will use a sample.SamplingI will use a sample of 50 teams. I have decided to use this size as it is just over half the teams and will therefore be fairly representative of the situ ation as a whole and also, 50 is a convenient number.The standard of football within the Football League varies tremendously. For example, Premier Division football will be played at a much higher standard than Division Three football. Thus to get a representative sample which encompasses all standards of football within the football league I will need to use a stratified sample.There are 93 teams in total, 20 in the premier division and 24 in divisions 1,2 and 3. In a stratified sample of 50 teams, this equates to 11 teams from the premier division and 13 from each of the other 3 divisions. Within the 4 strata, the teams will be selected entirely at random using a random number generator.Using a stratified sample, I have selected the following teams to study.Premier Division Aston Villa, Coventry City, Everton, Leicester City, Liverpool, Manchester Utd, Newcastle Utd, Nottingham Forest, Tottenham, West Ham Utd ; Wimbledon.Division 1 Barnsley, Birmingham City, Bradford City, Brist ol City, Grimsby Town, Norwich City, Port Vale, Portsmouth, Sheffield Utd, Stockport County, Sunderland, Watford ; WBA.Division 2 Blackpool, Bournemouth, Bristol Rovers, Colchester Utd, Gillingham, Luton, Millwall, Northampton Town, Oldham Athletic, Preston N.E., Wigan Athletic, Wrexham ; York City.Division 3 Barnet, Brentford, Cambridge Utd, Chester City, Darlington, Exeter City, Halifax Town, Hartlepool Utd, Hull City, Plymouth A, Rochdale, Southend Utd ; Torquay Utd.I am happy that this sample is a fair sample as it is stratified and I expect it to give a good representation of the situation as a whole.I will use my sampled data to compare the amount of money a club receives with my 3 measures of success, league position, goal difference and stadium capacity.I think it will be useful to use two methods, to compare the quantities. One such method is scatter graphs. I will draw 3 scatter graphs to investigate the correlation between money received and league position, goal differ ence and stadium capacity. This will be useful as it will make it easy to see if the 2 factors are linked. Another method I will use is to split the sampled teams into groups according to how much money they receive and find the standard deviation of the league position, goal difference and stadium capacity within each group. This is useful as one would expect that clubs that receive similar amounts of money would have similar levels of success and thus a low standard deviation of success measuring quantities. Using standard deviation, I will be able to show whether this is the case.One problem of using league position that I can foresee is the fact that there is not the same number of teams in all for divisions. This is a problem because it makes the results of plotting a scatter graph misleading. If a scatter graph is plotted of money Vs. league position, problems could arise. For example, a team finishing 20th in Division 1 (24 teams) is more successful than a team finishing 20th in the Premier Division (20 teams). This could not be shown on a graph of money Vs. league position. A way to remedy this problem is to represent league position as a percentage (e.g. last in league = 100%, 10th in league of 20 = 50%, 12th in league of 24 = 50%).Investigating how money affects league positionA scatter graph of football trust grant vs. % league position was plotted:It would appear that there in no correlation between the two factors. Separate graphs for teams from each division were plotted however these also suggested no correlation.The data was grouped according to how much money the club receives. The standard deviation of each group was then calculated. Generally a group will be of size à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½500,000 however, for the groups 2.5M 3M and 3M 3.5M, there is only one team in each group. Therefore it is impossible to calculate the standard deviation.Grant (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Standard deviation of % league position within group0 500k23.85500k 1M13.111M 1.5M32.251. 5M 2M29.352M 2.5M24.732.5M 3.5M19As standard deviation is calculated bythe maximum possible value for the standard deviation of % league position within a group is 50 as percentages are numbers between 0 and 100.I expected the standard deviations within each group to be low (i.e. low compared to a maximum value of 50). This is not the case. This shows that there is great variation in the league position of teams within each group and that teams which receive similar grants do not finish in similar league positions.Both methods which I have used suggest that there is no link between football trust grant and league position. Evidence for this is the fact that there is no correlation between the two on the scatter graph and the fact that standard deviation has shown that teams which receive similar grants do not finish in similar league positions. This provides a strong argument that my hypothesis, the more money a football club receives the higher its league position was incorrect. Investigating how money affects goal differenceA scatter graph of football trust grant vs. goal difference was plotted:Again, it would appear that there is no correlation between the two factors.Again, standard deviation was applied to the grouped data. The results were as follows:Grant (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Standard deviation of goal difference within group0 500k16.71500k 1M8.811M 1.5M22.91.5M 2M16.392M 2.5M19.262.5M 3.5M35The standard deviations are not particularly low. This shows that within each group, there is great variation in goal difference. The slight exception to this is the 500k 1M group where there is less variation. However, in general, these results show that teams which receive similar grants do not have similar goal differences.Both methods which I have used suggest that there is basically no link between football trust grant and goal difference. Evidence for this is the fact that there is no correlation between the two on the scatter graph and the fact that standar d deviation has shown that teams which receive similar grants do not have similar goal differences. This provides a strong argument that my hypothesis, the more money a football club receives the greater its goal difference was incorrect.Investigating how money affects stadium capacityA scatter graph of football trust grant vs. stadium capacity was plotted:It would appear that there is a weak positive correlation between the 2 factors. A line of best fit has been added. To verify that this line is accurate, I will check that it passes through the point (x,y). This point has been found to be (1155200,19072). This graph shows that in general, the greater the grant, the greater the stadium capacity.Again, standard deviation was applied to the grouped data. The results were as follows:Grant (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Standard deviation of stadium capacity within group0 500k5037500k 1M36001M 1.5M156511.5M 2M104082M 2.5M65522.5M 3.5M10927Stadium capacities are relatively large numbers therefore these standard deviations are quite low. Looking at the data, it is clear that these standard deviations would be considerably lower were it not for the odd extreme value within the groups. These values show that within each group there is not a great amount of variation in stadium capacity and that teams with receive similar grants have fairly similar stadium capacities.Both methods which I have used suggest that there is a link between football trust grant and stadium capacity. Evidence for this is the fact that there is a weak positive correlation between the two on the scatter graph and the fact that standard deviation has shown that teams which receive similar grants have fairly similar stadium capacities. This provides a strong argument that my hypothesis, the more money a football club receives the greater its stadium capacity. was basically correct.I began the investigation with three sub hypotheses which made up the overall hypothesis that the more money a football club rec eives the more successful it is on the pitch. I have disproved 2 of there hypotheses and proved 1. Thus, it is difficult to say whether my main hypothesis was correct or not. However as already mentioned, it is questionable whether stadium capacity is as significant a factor than league position or goal difference as, for example, a successful and well-supported team could play in a very small stadium if the stadium was in a built up area where there was no space to enlarge it. If one discounts the stadium capacity as less significant, it is possible to state that my main hypothesis was disproved and that the more money a football club receives the more successful it is on the pitch is not the case.One reason which might explain the results of my investigation (money affects stadium capacity but not league position or goal difference) is that the clubs may be spending their grant money on ground improvements rather than players or coaches.One way to improve the investigation to see how money affects the success of a football club would be to acquire the statistics for the total income of a football club as opposed to just the football trust grant. For this, it would be necessary to acquire statistics for all other sources of a football clubs income such as income from ticket sales and merchandising.

Brief History of Microsoft essays

Brief History of Microsoft essays Bill Gates the founder of Microsoft, the once young and eager teenager was running a small business made-up of other teenagers. Now the richest man in the world controlling an operating system practically every IBM compatible computer in the world uses. Computers are not the only things that Microsoft desires. Now they wish to influence the Internet. With all the opportunities that it offers many companies race to develop software to get people and businesses on the Internet. Many dislike the power Microsoft has come to possess and might gain more of it, but is there anything anybody can do? IBM has taken on the leader of software with an innovative new operating system known as OS/2, but will they have a chance? Microsoft may be unstoppable with its foundation, influence and power but is that enough to practically own the computerized world as we know it? Usually, when we mention Microsoft in any form we must have the registered trademark symbol right next to the word. The name is a well-known word in virtually everyone's life. Although it is the super-empire it is today Microsoft was once a small software business ran by a young Bill Gates in a tiny office. Consisting of a few young adults, they were not progressing as much as they would like too. Their competitors had it a little worse working out of their not so tidy two-story house made up of a husband and wife. The massive change occurred when a couple of IBM representatives showed up at the door of the CP/M founders only to be turned away. This was very rare to happen, since IBM was so highly respected by programmers at the time. IBM is introduced to a young man named Bill Gates. He was mistaken for an office helper but later strikes a serious offer for Microsoft products. The one program that was unavailable at the time would be an operating system soon to be call ed QDOS; a raw form of the Disk Operating System we know today. When called upon by IBM ...

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Stages of the consumer decision process - Essay Example Every business wants to build new consumers and retain the old ones (Chen, 2009). However, these consumers are of negligible value if they do not bring in the desired results in terms of sales for the business. It is important that the consumer decision process is looked upon at from all sides before reaching a consensus as to how marketing and sales domains shall be managed within the business. If the consumer decision process is easy to undertake and the sales are coming in, perhaps there is reason why this consumer decision process has been a successful one over a period of time. On the flip side, there could be a number of survival issues for the business. This paper discusses how the consumer decision process is managed within the tourism industry from a supply perspective. The 5 stages of the consumer decision process involve the recognition of the need, the information search, the evaluation, the eventual decision to purchase and lastly the post-purchase evaluation. These 5 st ages essentially dictate how well the consumer decision process has been reached upon and the kind of success that a consumer has within his ranks to make sure that he buys the intended product or service (Hudson, 2010). Within the domains of the tourism industry which is a combination of both products and services, the need is to understand how well the consumer decision process has been applied. It will then enact ways to reach out to consumers who are more prone to make that much needed purchase which will benefit the business under the ranks of the tourism industry. This is an important aspect and one that requires significance from the people who undertake these businesses in the first place. It gives them an idea as to where they are going wrong and what corrective measures they need to take in order to bring sanity within the realms of the tourism industry (Betsch, 2004). The consumer decision process does not come about without hard work and thought. The consideration that g oes into its making is something that leaves many astounded since sometimes consumers take a life time to make that vital purchase while at others the whole process is often completed way too quickly. These 5 stages are fundamentally hierarchical because these highlight how strongly the consumer decision process takes place and that too within a sequential feel. The hierarchy comes about in the form of following each one of these stages. One cannot skip any stage and move on to the next one. It has to follow a set line in order to successfully complete the consumer decision process. The sale process of the business will only culminate when all these stages are amicably given the significance that these richly require. Focusing specifically on the tourism industry, it is important to comprehend the amount of energy a business dedicates towards attracting that vital consumer. This means that these consumers form the core basis of the business and without them the tourism industry woul d suffer on a number of different counts (Ekstrom, 2006). The understanding must be derived from the fact that the entire tourism regime shapes up due to the undertakings of the consumers and if the latter do not show any interest, it would be difficult to sustain this industry in essence. The

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Case Study of Decision Making Planning, and General Organization

Case Study of Decision Making Planning, and General Organization Ryanair is one of the leading airline companies of Europe. This airline company is known for its low cost and high quality service. It operates more than 1,400 flights per day from 44 bases and 1100+ low fare routes across 27 countries, connecting 160 destinations (Ryanair-a, n.d.). This paper endeavours to analyse Ryanair, with special emphasis on situation analysis, decision making, planning and controlling process, leadership and organisational structure. This paper will conclude with some plausible recommendations on future growth and progress. Situational Analysis SWOT is a very helpful management tool for analysing the situation of a company. Ryanair was established in 1985, and despite its shortcomings it established a strong position in the market. Strengths Ryanair has developed a strong brand name in airline industry as a low cost service provider. Ryanair has been in the airline company since the last 25 years and has gained sufficient experience in it. Ryanair has developed its internet facilities and has made it an important selling point. This helps the company to eliminate the costs of agents. Ryanairs fleet includes aircrafts with high sitting capacity and low maintenance cost. Ryanairs services performance is of high standard with punctual fleet timing. Weakness To save cost, Ryanair charges its passengers for services like refreshments, wheelchair etc. It creates very impression among passengers about the company. It is not a preferred airline with the high class passengers. Opportunities The European Union market is expanding with time and most of the passengers prefer low fare for their air travel. Regions like North America and Asia have greater scope for low cost provider like Ryanair. Threats The existing airline companies are following strategies that lower the cost and hence competition within the industry is increasing with time. The oil market is a major supplier to airline business. In recent years, price of oil has increased significantly. The customers are becoming very price and service sensitive. Porters 5 Forces The bargaining power of suppliers is very high as the number of aircraft manufacturer and oil suppliers are very less in the market. Availability of proper airports is also very important for this industry. However, airports bargaining power is quite low as they depend on aircraft companies. The bargaining power of customers is very high as they have many airline service providers to choose from. The barrier entry of airline industry is quite high as it requires heavy investments and technical expertise. Airline is the fastest mode of transportation for overseas and long distance travel. No other substitute can match the service of airline industry. Competition among existing rival is the most import factor in this industry. The rivals are competing with each other for increasing their market share. In European Union, Lufthansa, Ryanair, Easy jet etc are leading airline companies. 3. Decision Making 3.1. Decision Making Process in Ryanair Ryanair provides low cost and high quality airline services to its customers. It places customer satisfaction above all other priorities. The decision making process is primarily centred on concerns regarding ways to provide higher customer services. Fleet planning, airline fare, fleet scheduling etc are some of the chief aspects of Ryanairs effective decision making process. 3.2. Decision Making Approach Decision making approach can be defined as strategic approached of an organisation. Ryanairs management team aims to follow rational decision making approach. The rational decision making approach is an ongoing and dynamic process. This approach helps to identify the underlying problems and to find relevant solutions (Kroon, 1995 p.187). For example, in 2004, when the company was passing through a financial crisis, rational decision making approach not only helped it to overcome it but also paved the path of growth. 3.3. Types of Problems and Decisions Making In Ryanair In 2004, Ryanair was one of the worst performers in FTSE Eurotop 300 index. During that period, competition in airline industry was very high in the European nations as many new companies entered the market. Despite the stiff competition, the company enjoyed a healthy growth rate till 2003. But the managements inability to understand and rectify the inherent weakness of its decision making process stunted its growth. 3.4. Decision-Making Conditions in Ryanair While framing the strategic move for any decision making process; Ryanairs first priority will be to analyse the elements of external competition. The European airline industry is crowded with many leading companies like Lufthansa, Virgin, Aer Lingus, and British Airway etc. Consumers needs are also very important for Ryanairs decision-making. Prior to 2003, the companys concern for customer service was very low, except the low fare advantages. 3.5. Decision-Making Styles The decision making style of Ryanairs management team seems to be affected by different factors. However, the decision making methods are quite flexible. After analysing its rapid growth during 2002-2003, it can be claimed that it focuses on short term objective rather than long term goals. Creativity is another major feature of its decision making style. 3.6. Decision- Making Biases and Errors Ryanairs temporary fall during 2004 brought into fore many drawbacks of its decision making process. Robbins has identified some unexplained prejudices and errors of decision making like biases relating to overconfidence, anchoring, confirmation, availability, escalation of commitment etc (Robbins, 2009, p.126). Ryanairs decision was affected by two major biases i.e. anchoring biases and status quo biasness. Its decision making was based on the past success that failed to take in to account unfavourable macro-economic conditions resulting from 9/11 attack on WTC. 4. Planning 4.1Vision and Mission Statement Vision and mission statements help an organisation to prepare a roadmap for its operational activities. Ryanairs official website does not have the vision and mission statement of the company. However, the public statements of Michael OLeary and other higher executive member of Ryanair indicate that it aims to achieve growth and success by being the lowest cost provider in airline industry (Box and Kent, 2007). 4.2. Purposes of Planning In general, the purpose of planning is to bring effectiveness and efficiency in the operational activities of a business. The implied mission and vision of Ryanairs clearly states its purposes of planning. To counter the increasing competition, the company has decided to follow low cost strategy. Hence, its planning is designed after taking into consideration this objective. 4.3 Planning And Performances in Ryanair According to Riezebos, planning is a very crucial element of operational activity that affects the performance level (Riezebos, 2001, p.12). Planning is one of the major tools of motivating participants to achieve the common organisational goal. Due to rational decision making approach, the company is able to plan its operational and strategic activities properly. Ryanair is able to achieve its target with the help of an efficient planning process. 4.4 Types of Goals in Ryanair The primary goal of Ryanair is to become the lowest cost airline service provider in Europe. The idea of offering low fare proved successful for the company. However, initially it failed to understand the necessity of good service for customer. Currently, the company is committed to provide lower fare, high quality service and punctual air schedule (Ryanair-b, n.d.). 4.5 Types of Plans in Ryanair Ryanairs decision making process follows rational approach and it also follows rational model for its planning process. Basically, planning can be divided as short term goal and long term goal. The companys management team was concerned only with the short term goal. The company often changes its plan as per the requirements of the market. In 2002, the companys plan was to provide low cost fare and after 2004, its planning process also took note of service quality. 4.6 Contingency Factors in Planning Ryanair faces three major contingency factors. Firstly, the organisational level affects the operational planning of middle and low level managers. Secondly, the uncertainty of macro-environmental or other external factors affects the planning process. Therefore, Ryanair aims to develop a flexible planning system. Thirdly, the long and short term objectives of Ryanair affect its planning process. The company always tries to concentrate on its current objective. 4.7 Objectives The primary objective of Ryanair is to attain cost leadership in European airline market. However, to achieve this objective, the company needs to concentrate on other long term goal. These include increasing its operational activities to enter new markets like North America, developing customer centred business model and increasing the use of internet as a major selling point (OCuilleanain et al, 2004). 4.8 Management by Objectives (MBO) Management by objective (MBO) approach of management leads to increase in the performance of organisation. MBO is a result-oriented, non-specialized managerial process for the effective utilization of organisational resources by integrating individuals with the organisation and the organisation with the environment (Goyal, 2005, p.304). During 2004, in order to overcome its crisis situation, the company introduced MBO approach to improve its performance. 4.9 Strategic Management Process Ryanairs strategic management process is based on its objective of achieving cost leadership in European airline industry. The company has improved its positioning by implementing proper strategic management process. The key elements of its strategic management include low fares, high frequency of point-to-point flight within short routes, proper route choice, reduction in operating cost, increase the internet use for selling, maintenance of safely and high quality service etc (OCuilleanain et al, 2004) 5. Organising 5.1 Organisation Structure and Design: Proper organisational structure and design helps to develop efficient management performance. There are four elements of organisation structure and these are departmentalisation, span of control, centralization and formalization. Appendix 1 depicts the organisation structure of Ryanair. Michael OLeary is the CEO of the company and there are seven Directors and a Chairman. For each department like customer services, finance, HR etc, there are individual head management personnel having a team. 5.2 Chain of Command The Chain of command in Ryanair is based on its organisational structure. The appendix 1 portrays that the CEO is the chief person of command of the organisation. However, the decision making process in Ryanair includes all the senior managers of each department. To maintain high level of transparency and to develop two-way communication system in cross functional departments, the chain of command is very essential. 5.3 Span of Control The span of control in Ryanair is effective and helps to maintain a sound organisational growth. The span of control of the CEO Michael OLeary is the highest and most effective. As per appendix 1, the entire department is required to report on the ongoing activities to the CEO. The CEO along with the Directors and Chairman is responsible for making the final decisions of the organisation. However, for better planning and implementation, the employees should be involved in the decision making process. 5.4 Centralization and Decentralization The decision of centralization or decentralization depends on the nature and expansion of business. Ryanair is a multinational company having different units in European countries and North America. For the airline industry, decentralization is more preferred over centralization. However, Ryanair follows a centralized organisational model. Decentralization of organisation will help it to compete with the major competitors of different markets. 5.5 Mechanistic and Organic organization The mechanistic organisations are those having a well defined hierarchy. Ryanair has a centralized organisational structure and it is an example of mechanistic organisation. Appendix 2 shows the major difference between the mechanistic and organic organisation. The company has been very strict in maintaining its relationship with the employees. However, such organisational structure of Ryanair creates biases and errors in decision making process. 5.6 Contingency Factors There are many factors that affect the organisational structure of a company. The industry trend, the growth structure, the social and demographic characteristics of employee customers and vision and mission of the company etc are the major contingency factors that help in designing the organisational structure. The leadership quality of the higher management also affects the organisational structure. The organisational structure of Ryanair is also affected by external competition and its leadership style. 5.7 Job Characteristics Model One of the primary objectives of Ryanair is to provide high customer services and in this respect the employees are the most important resource. In order to enrich the quality of job, the company motivates its employees to achieve the common organisational goal i.e. growth. The company aim to offer competitive salaries with excellent benefits that are simple and easy to understand (Ryanair-c, n.d.). 6. Leadership The leadership style is an important influencing factor organisational growth and success. The major leadership skills of Ryanairs management focus on the low cost fare for airline. The fleet of Ryanair includes single-class aircraft that increases the seating capacity. However, the leadership skills of Ryanair have led to its success of 2002-2003 and failure of 2004. The leadership in Ryanair strives to focus on position, seniority and authority. Control 7.1 Control Process The control process is the key element for Ryanair as it wants to achieve the lowest cost leadership. In order to facilitate effective and efficient control system, employees must be properly organized. Ryanair has developed proper system for regulating the control process by managing its employees. 7.2 Types of Control Ryanair strategic moves and policies control various aspect of the organisation. Firstly, cost controlling activity is the major criteria for low cost fare airline and it includes labour cost, marketing cost, airport charges. It also reduces the service cost by controlling many activities. For example, in 2003, it did not offer meals of refreshments to passengers who faced delays (O Higgins, 2004,). 7.3 Managerial Approaches to Implement Controls Ryanairs management team approach for implementation of control, strives to bring down the financial expenses. However, proper organisation culture and operational activities are also very important to improve its service qualities. Fleet control and market control are necessary for achieving the competitive strategy. The market control managerial approach of Ryanair involves the comparison of profit and expenses with that of its competitors. 7.4 Management Information System For establishing better management system, Ryanair has brought technological advancement in its organisations non-operational activities. For example, it has developed its website for using it as a major selling point. The increasing use of internet has made the managerial activity more efficient. At present, the company is aiming to achieve 100% internet ticket booking. Contingency Factors in Control Like the decision making process, controlling activity of an organisation is affected by uncertainty of macro-economic factors and the cultural and social characteristics of employees. In the airline industry, the major contingency factor is the competition and conflicts related to organisational objectives. Ryanairs management aims to avoid these contingencies factors related to employees by rewarding them for their efforts. 7.6 Corporate Governance Ryanair is listed on London and Irish Stock Exchanges in Europe. The company is responsible for following proper business ethics and compliance as per the corporate governance. The entire management teams including the Directors and CEO are committed to maintain the standard corporate governance. Its business policy clearly defines the role of Directors and other members in meeting its corporate responsibility. Balanced Scorecard Balanced score card is the most popular management tool used by organisations. Ryanairs strategic management system can be explained with balanced score card. To bring efficiency in its operational activities, Ryanair concentrates of four major areas i.e. finance, customer, business process and learning and growth. 8.1 Benchmarking To achieve the objective of becoming the lowest cost provider in the European airline industry, Ryanair has set its benchmark for cost controlling activities. At present, it is the lowest cost provider in the industry and hence, it has developed its own benchmark. For example, in 2003, the company reduced its cost for wheelchairs services by bringing a third party wheelchair suppliers who charged passengers for supplying wheelchairs. 8.2 Value Chain The value chain of the company strives to provide the lowest fare possible. Appendix 4 portrays the value chain which includes other important aspects of the airline industry. To develop a cost effective operational process, the company has combined its balanced score card, benchmarking and value chain. RECOMMENDATIONS To ensure success, Ryanair must bring some changes in its management and business model. Some of the useful recommendations are given below. It must focus on its services to meet the passengers minimum expectation. The company should include the employees in the decision making process. As many other rivals are also following low cost strategy, Ryanair can bring certain innovations in its service process. Internal communication should be encouraged for better transparency and motivation. It should develop its public image by increasing corporate social activities. For maintaining low cost fare, it should emphasise on the financial aspects. 10. Reference Box, T. M. and Kent, B. 2007. Ryanair (2005): Successful Low Cost Leadership. [Online]. Available at: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5452/is_200705/ai_n21289700/pg_2/. [Accessed on November 03, 2010]. Goyal, R. C. 2005. Hospital Administration and Human Resource Management. 4th Edition. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Hellriegel, D. and Slocum, J. W. 2007. Organizational behaviour. 11th Edition. Cengage Learning. Kroon, J. 1995. General Management. 2nd Edition. Pearson South Africa. OCuilleanain, E. S. et al, 2004. Ryanair Plc. [Pdf]. Available at: http://dev.ulb.ac.be/cours/alle/PDF/BuspPresRyanair04.pdf. [Accessed on November 03, 2010]. O Higgins, E, 2004, Case Study Ryanair. Riezebos, 2001. Design of a period batch control planning system for cellular manufacturing. University of Groningen. Robbins, S. P. 2009. Organisational behaviour: global and Southern African perspectives. 2nd Edition. Pearson South Africa. Ryanair-a. No Date. About Us: History of Ryanair. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ryanair.com/en/about. [Accessed on November 03, 2010]. Ryanair-b. No date. About Us: Passenger Charter. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ryanair.com/en/about/passenger-charter. [Accessed on November 03, 2010]. Ryanair-c. No date. Careers. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ryanair.com/en/careers/working-for-ryanair. [Accessed on November 03, 2010]. The Official Board. September 15, 2010. Ryanair. [Online]. Available at: http://www.theofficialboard.com/org-chart/ryanair-holdings. [Accessed on November 03, 2010]. The Performance Institute. 2009. Balanced Scorecard. [Online]. Available at: http://www.performanceweb.org/events/training/program-performance/sub7/. [Accessed on November 03, 2010]. Jack Baskin School of Engineering. No date. Airline Industry Analysis. [Ppt]. Available at: http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/classes/ism158/Winter03/istcch04.ppt. [Accessed on November 03, 2010].